Advanced water injection for low permeability reservoirs : theory and practice /

Advanced water injection for low permeability reservoirs : theory and practice /

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Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Ran, Xinquan (Author)
Other Authors: Xu, Fangfu, Gu, Daihong
Format: eBook
Language:English
Published: Waltham, MA Gulf Professional Pub. c2013.
Subjects:
Petroleum > Prospecting > China > Ordos Desert.
Petroleum reserves > China > Ordos Desert.
Geology > China > Ordos Desert.
Oil field flooding > China > Ordos Desert.
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Table of Contents:
  • Machine generated contents note: 1.Features of Ultralow-Permeability Reservoirs in the Ordos Basin
  • 1.1.Geological Features
  • 1.1.1.Structural Features
  • 1.1.1.1.Stress-Field Distribution
  • 1.1.2.Sedimentary Features
  • 1.1.3.Reservoir Features
  • 1.1.3.1.Microfracture Features
  • 1.1.3.2.Macroheterogeneity of Reservoirs
  • 1.1.3.3.Microscopic Features of the Reservoirs
  • 1.1.3.4.Reservoir Wettability and Sensitivity
  • 1.1.3.5.The Temperature-Pressure Systems
  • 1.1.3.6.Fluid Properties
  • 1.1.3.7.Saturation of Movable Fluids
  • 1.1.3.8.Features of Waterflood Efficiency
  • 1.2.Features of Conventional Waterflooded Development
  • 1.2.1.Water Absorptivity of Reservoirs
  • 1.2.1.1.Waterflood Pressure
  • 1.2.1.2.Index Curve Properties of the Injection Wells
  • 1.2.1.3.The Entry Profile of the Injection Wells
  • 1.2.2.Features of Oil Producer Responses
  • 1.2.2.1.Features of Responses
  • 1.2.2.2.Factors That Influence Well Responses
  • 1.2.3.Features of Producer Deliverability
  • 1.2.3.1.The Initial Deliverability
  • 1.2.3.2.Patterns of Deliverability Changes
  • 1.2.4.Changes in Productivity Indexes (Pis)
  • 1.3.The Introduction of Advanced Water Injection Technology
  • 1.3.1.Functions of Advanced Water Injection
  • 1.3.1.1.Maintaining High Reservoir Pressure to Build an Effective Displacing Pressure System
  • 1.3.1.2.Reducing Damage to Permeability Caused by Pressure Drop
  • 1.3.1.3.Preventing Changes in the Physical Properties of the Oil in Place
  • 1.3.1.4.Preventing the Flow Matrix from Being Plugged
  • 1.3.1.5.Improving the Oil Permeability
  • 1.3.1.6.Increasing the Sweep Efficiency of the Injected Water to Enhance Oil Recovery
  • 1.3.1.7.Slowing Down Output Decline
  • 1.3.1.8.Improving Producer Deliverability
  • 1.3.1.9.Greatly Enhancing the Maximum Injector-Producer Distance and the Effective Coverage
  • 1.3.2.Applicability of Advanced Water Injection
  • 2.Nonlinear Percolation Theory for Ultralow-Permeability Reservoirs
  • 2.1.Stress Sensitivity of the Ultralow-Permeability Reservoir
  • 2.1.1.Features of Stress Sensitivity
  • 2.1.1.1.Features of Pore Structures
  • 2.1.1.2.Features of Matrix Structures
  • 2.1.1.3.Features of Microfractures
  • 2.1.1.4.Microscopic Features of Seepage Flows
  • 2.1.2.Methods and Results of Stress Sensitivity Experiments with Ultralow-Permeability Rocks
  • 2.1.2.1.Measurement of Variations of Porosity and Permeability along with Changes in the Effective Overburden Pressure
  • 2.1.2.2.Experiment Methods for Core Elastic-Plastic Deformation Studies
  • 2.1.2.3.Results from Stress Sensitivity Test with Ultralow-Permeability Rocks
  • 2.1.2.4.Defining the Stress-Sensitivity Coefficient
  • 2.1.3.Theoretical Interpretation for the Stress Sensitivity of Reservoir Permeability
  • 2.1.4.Factors That Influence the Stress Sensitivity of Ultralow-Permeability Reservoirs
  • 2.1.4.1.Material Composition
  • 2.1.4.2.Grain Types
  • 2.1.4.3.Grain Contact Modes
  • 2.1.4.4.Patterns of Grain Arrays
  • 2.1.4.5.Modes of Cementation
  • 2.1.4.6.Fluid Types and Features in Pores
  • 2.2.TPGs in Ultralow-Permeability Reservoirs
  • 2.2.1.Features of TPGs in Ultralow-Permeability Reservoirs
  • 2.2.1.1.The Boundary Layer Theory
  • 2.2.1.2.The Concept of Seepage Fluids
  • 2.2.1.3.Viscosity of Crude Oil in the Pore Channels
  • 2.2.1.4.TPG Features in Ultralow-Permeability Reservoirs
  • 2.2.2.TPG Experiments for Ultralow-Permeability Reservoirs
  • 2.2.2.1.Experiment Principles
  • 2.2.2.2.Experiment Procedures
  • 2.2.2.3.Experiment Methods
  • 2.2.2.4.Data Processing
  • 2.2.2.5.Data Analysis
  • 2.2.3.An Analysis of Factors Affecting TPGs in Ultralow-Permeability Reservoirs
  • 2.2.3.1.Differences in Fluid Types
  • 2.2.3.2.The Influence of Reservoir Permeability and Oil Viscosity
  • 2.3.Features of Nonlinear Flows in Ultralow-Permeability Reservoirs
  • 2.3.1.The Percolation Theory Involving Stress Sensitivity
  • 2.3.1.1.Equations for Deliverability and Pressure Distribution of Steady Seepage Flows
  • 2.3.1.2.Equations for Deliverability and Pressure Distribution of Pseudo-Steady Seepage Flows
  • 2.3.2.The Percolation Theory Involving TPG of Ultralow-Permeability Reservoirs
  • 2.3.2.1.Equations for Deliverability and Pressure Distribution of Steady Seepage Flows
  • 2.3.2.2.Equations for Deliverability and Pressure Distribution of Unsteady Seepage Flows
  • 2.3.3.The Percolation Theory Involving Both TPG and Medium Deformation
  • 2.3.3.1.Equations for Deliverability and Pressure Distribution of Steady Seepage Flows
  • 2.3.3.2.Equations for Deliverability and Pressure Distribution of Unsteady Seepage Flows
  • 2.4.Applying the Nonlinear Percolation Theory to Advanced Water Injection
  • 2.4.1.The Influence of Advanced Injection on Permeability
  • 2.4.1.1.The Influence on Matrix Permeability
  • 2.4.1.2.The Influence on Permeabilities of the Microfracture System
  • 2.4.2.The Influence of Advanced Injection on TPG
  • 3.Design of Advanced Water Injection in Ultralow-Permeability Reservoirs
  • 3.1.The Well-Pattern System
  • 3.1.1.Well Patterns
  • 3.1.1.1.The History of Well-Pattern Deployment in Ultralow-Permeability Oilfields in Changqing
  • 3.1.1.2.Well Patterns for Reservoirs with Fractures That Are Not Well Developed
  • 3.1.1.3.Well Patterns for Reservoirs with Fractures That Are Well Developed
  • 3.1.1.4.Cases of Development
  • 3.1.2.Reasonable Row Spacing
  • 3.1.2.1.Theoretical Calculation of Reasonable Injector-Producer Spacing
  • 3.1.2.2.Reasonable Row Spacing for an Effective Pressure Displacement System
  • 3.1.2.3.Reservoir Engineering Calculations for Reasonable Injector-Producer Spacing
  • 3.1.2.4.An Example of Calculating the Reasonable Well-Spacing/Row-Spacing Ratio (dx/dy)
  • 3.1.2.5.Adjustment of Infill Wells
  • 3.2.Timing of Advanced Water Injection
  • 3.2.1.Pressure Distribution between the Water Injector and the Oil Producer in Ultralow-Permeability Reservoirs
  • 3.2.1.1.Pressure Distribution between the Injector and the Producer with Stable Seepage Flow
  • 3.2.1.2.Pressure Distribution between the Injector and the Producer with Unstable Seepage Flow
  • 3.2.2.Injection Timing
  • 3.3.Injection-Production Parameters
  • 3.3.1.The Injection Pressure
  • 3.3.2.Determination of the Injection Rate
  • 3.3.3.Determination of the Injection Intensity
  • 3.3.4.Reasonable Flowing Pressure in the Producer
  • 3.3.4.1.Determining the Minimum Reasonable Flowing Pressure in the Oil Wells According to the Saturation Pressure
  • 3.3.4.2.Determining the Minimum Reasonable Flowing Pressure in the Oil Wells According to the Pump Efficiency Required for Maximum Production
  • 3.3.4.3.Influence of TPG and Medium Deformation on the BHFP
  • 3.3.4.4.The Effect of TPG and Medium Deformation on the Inflow Performance of Oil Wells
  • 3.4.Fracturing Timing
  • 4.Technical Support for Advanced Water Injection
  • 4.1.Techniques for Quick Evaluation of Large Ultralow-Permeability Reservoirs
  • 4.1.1.Techniques for Quick Evaluation
  • 4.1.1.1.Classified Evaluation of Reservoirs
  • 4.1.1.2.Quick Evaluation of Well Productivity
  • 4.2.Auxiliary Equipment for Advanced Water Injection
  • 4.2.1.Small, Closed Mobile Water Injection Skid
  • 4.2.2.The Unattended Smart Flow-Regulating Valve Complex
  • 4.2.3.The Integrated Digital Skid Pressurizer
  • 4.3.Nodal Operation of Advanced Water Injection
  • 4.3.1.Guidelines for Advanced Injection
  • 4.3.2.Integrated Planning
  • 4.3.3.Nodal Operation of Advanced Injection
  • 5.Practice of Advanced Water Injection
  • 5.1.Development of the Jing'an Oilfield
  • 5.1.1.General Overview
  • 5.1.2.Technological Policies
  • 5.1.3.The Effects
  • 5.1.3.1.Advanced Injection Increases Reservoir Pressure Considerably, Favorable for Establishing an Effective Displacing Pressure System
  • 5.1.3.2.Advanced Injection Leads to a High Initial Daily Oil Output, Which Stabilizes for a Longer Period of Time and Declines More Slowly
  • 5.2.Development of the Ansai Oilfield
  • 5.2.1.General Overview
  • 5.2.2.Technological Policies
  • 5.2.2.1.The Best Injection Timing
  • 5.2.2.2.Selection of Reasonable Injection Parameters
  • 5.2.3.Results of Advanced Water Injection
  • 5.2.3.1.Patterns of Pressure Changes
  • 5.2.3.2.Production Characteristics
  • 5.3.Development of the Xifeng Oilfield
  • 5.3.1.General Overview
  • 5.3.2.Technological Policies
  • 5.3.2.1.The Best Injection Timing
  • 5.3.2.2.Selection of Reasonable Injection Parameters
  • 5.3.3.Results of Advanced Injection
  • 5.3.3.1.Characteristics of Pressure Changes
  • 5.3.3.2.Characteristics of Output
  • and Its Decline
  • 5.3.3.3.Characteristics of Producer Responses
  • 5.4.Development of the Nanliang Oilfield
  • 5.4.1.General Overview
  • 5.4.2.Technological Policies
  • 5.4.2.1.Reasonable Timing for Water Injection
  • 5.4.2.2.Reasonable Water Injection Intensity
  • 5.4.3.Results of Advanced Water Injection
  • 5.4.3.1.Characteristics of Pressure Changes
  • 5.4.3.2.Characteristics of Production Decline
  • 5.4.3.3.Characteristics of Water Breakthrough and Producer Response.

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